Galen's+Page

**PROCEDURE** **//Preliminary Research of Existing System//**

To evaluate potential improvements to the university parking system, the current procedures were reviewed and analyzed. The majority of this information was gained from:


 * University of Delaware Transportation Services: [], ("UD Parking News").

These sources offered access to parking regulations, parking-pass priority, limitations of pass-holders, and shuttle-buss information. Additionally, meetings with the staff in these offices provided resolution to any last-minute questions. Although we were unable to speak with the Director of Supporting Services, Mr. Bill Fitzpatrick, we did interview his assistant, Mr. Jared Walfish. The interview data can be found in **Appendix B**, and is described in **Results**.

Contents in various editions of //UD Review// were also considered. Articles of particular importance were:
 * “GPS Allows Students to Track University Buses” - Feb. 23, 2010 (Savoie, 1).
 * “Parking Prices Now Unreasonable” - Sept. 20, 2010 ("Parking Prices Now Unreasonable").
 * “Parking Pass Prices Rise, Fewer Spaces Available” - Sept. 21, 2010 (Spinner, 1).

In addition, the City of Newark Parking and Transportation division was also interviewed; represented by Mr. Courtney Mulvanity. Topics discussed included parking options, modes of transportation, and future plans of improvement. The specific responses can be found in **Appendix D****.**

**//College Comparison Transportation Research//**

Additionally, parking policies from various colleges were investigated. We reviewed the systems of 27 colleges as indicated on the Sustainability Report. These can be found in **Appendix C**. Our findings provided the necessary information to introduce and discuss prospective changes to the UD parking system. This data was collected from the following website:
 *  [], ("Report Card 2011").

**//Survey Design and Distribution//** To better evaluate the needs of the on-campus community, we also designed a survey that accommodated their input. The survey was conducted by requesting responses from faculty, staff, and students. Participation from all three occupations guaranteed a well-rounded perspective on the parking needs of the University of Delaware community.

The questions sought information regarding occupation as a UD community member, opinions on prospective changes to the parking system, individual modes of transportation, as well as approval ratings for the current system. The first two questions were meant to identify the type of community member taking the survey. The next few questions narrowed our survey recipients by their type of permit and choice of parking lot. Questions 5 and 6 aimed to understand opinions about the current parking strategies on campus. Finally, questions 7, 8, and 9 allowed each individual to express opinions regarding suggested changes to the parking system.

<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A copy of our survey is available in **Appendix A.**

<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The survey was distributed via email to generate timely responses in a convenient setting. The server, Survey Monkey, was utilized to create the survey website. After the survey was conducted, 132 responses were collected. The data is represented above in **Tables and Figures** and described below in **Results.**

<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**//Analysis of Data//** <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The data from our survey was evaluated against our initial proposal and the existing protocol at the university. These findings and comparisons can be found in **Results**. After analyzing all avenues, the Efficiency Service Department developed and introduced alterations to the parking system that will improve parking concerns, while satisfying the needs of the faculty, staff, and students. Refer to **Recommendations** for these suggestions.

<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**CONCLUSIONS**

<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Our preliminary research and survey findings revealed the need for transportation improvements. Although temporary, the demand for changes while the transportation hub is developed is undeniable. As our research showed, the university's Transportation Services Department is not interested in expanding its current number of parking lots. With that said, it is clear that a re-organization of parking permit and parking lot options is needed to accommodate the complaints of the campus community, as represented by the survey feedback. By our survey results, it was indicated that most drivers agreed to our prospective changes. These suggestions mainly focused on parking-permit prioritization and distribution. Our overall solutions can be in found in **Recommendations**.

**APPENDIX A** **//Survey via Survey Monkey//** <span style="color: #1c39f6; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/BWTF2ZG

1) What is your status on campus? 2) What is your typical mode of transportation? 3) If your answer to Number 2 is “Car,” what kind of parking options do you use? 4) If your answer to Number 3 is “Parking Permit,” what kind of permit are you holding? 5) How satisfied are you with parking services/availability? 6) If your answer to Number 2 is “Parking Permit and Shuttle,” how satisfied are you with the shuttle service? 7) would you support a parking plan to prohibit freshman and sophomores who live on campus from having cars? 8) Would you support a parking plan that separated faculty parking from student/staff parking? 9) Would you support a parking system that gave residents permit priority based on credits and GPA?
 * Faculty
 * Student
 * Staff
 * Car
 * DART Bus
 * Train
 * Walking/Bike
 * Perkins Garage
 * Trabant Garage
 * City Meter Parking
 * Parking Permit
 * Parking Permit and Shuttle
 * Central Permit
 * Gold Permit
 * Red Permit
 * Green Permit
 * Blue Permit
 * Very Satisfied
 * Satisfied
 * Somewhat Satisfied
 * Not Satisfied at all
 * Central Permit
 * Gold Permit
 * Red Permit
 * Green Permit
 * Blue Permit
 * Yes
 * No
 * Yes
 * No
 * Yes
 * No

**APPENDIX B** //**Transportation Services Interview with Bill Fitzpatrick's assistant, Jared Walfish**//

<span style="color: #333233; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> On November 18 <span style="font: normal normal normal 8px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px;">th I met with Jared in Transportation, he is assistant to Bill Fitzpatrick. Jared was very helpful and answered all of my questions. He also said they would be very happy to get a copy of our report and that they appreciate any and all suggestions.

<span style="color: #333233; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jared told me that they were basically unprepared for the amount of staff and faculty that chose to use the Blue lots this semester and so were unable to handle the demand for shuttles. Consequently they have received a LOT of complaints and that is why they added an extra shuttle to the Rush Hour run and the complaints dropped off dramatically. To alleviate some of the problems with shuttles, they are getting seven new ones in the Spring semester to replace some of the old ones and will keep some of the old ones for use in overflow situations. Currently they are using radios installed on the shuttles to try and keep them on schedule and from overlapping in the runs. These steps seem to be having some improvement on the shuttle service overall.

<span style="color: #333233; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">I talked to Jared about some of the information we gathered from the Sustainability Green Card site and namely what other schools are doing for transportation on their campuses. He told me they have no plans currently to encourage walking, but they are looking into plans for biking. And they can't carve out any parking at the former Chrysler site until the demolition is finished do to liability issues. It should be finished in 2 years and in the meantime no plans are being made to encourage walking to the South Campus blue lot.

<span style="color: #333233; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Also, there are no plans to work with DART for free or discounted public transportation, but suggested it's something to take up with the Executive Board. They are however, working on new plans to encourage car pools to reduce the number of cars coming to campus daily. Currently there are over 10,000 parking spots on campus and 8,500 people on campus. They consider this a surplus and compared to other schools we are in really good shape.

<span style="color: #333233; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Summary of interview:


 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Due to a high volume of complaints entering Support Services (SS), an extra shuttle bus was added to the Rush Hour run. As a result, the number of complaints has been drastically reduced.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">SS is getting seven new shuttles in 2011 to replace the old buses.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Radios are being used to keep the shuttles moving and prevent overlap.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">No plans to encourage walking, but plans for biking are being considered.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">SS can't carve out any parking at the former Chrysler site until the demolition is finished due to liability issues. Expected completion in 2 years.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">No plans to work with DART for free or discounted public transportation, but suggested it's something to take up with the Executive Board.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">To reduce the number of cars on campus, SS is working on new plans to encourage car pooling.
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Currently there are over 10,000 parking spots on campus and 8,500 people on campus. SS considers this a surplus and an amenity compared to other schools.

**APPENDIX C** **//Sustainability Report Card/Transportation Systems of various universities//** The letters on the left are grades that represent each school's level of sustainability based on several categories. Transportation was the only category of interest for our research. Each schools grade, size, and transportation systems are provided below.


 * || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"> **School** || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"> **Size**  || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"> **Transportation Information**  ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">C || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Delaware || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">20, 342 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">To encourage carpooling, the university allows employees and students to split the cost of a parking permit, provides discounts for groups of three or more, and reserves preferable parking spaces for carpoolers. Free shuttles serve the campus and local shopping destinations, and two of the buses are hydrogen fueled. Bike lanes around campus have been expanded. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Georgia Institute of Technology || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">19,413 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A bike-sharing program is available for students and staff, and incentives are offered for carpooling. The institute provides discounts for local public transit and runs free shuttle service on and around campus. Georgia Tech also partners with a car-sharing program. The campus motor fleet includes 87 electric vehicles. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of California at Berkley || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">35,830 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Over 80 percent of the school community travels to campus via alternative transportation methods. Berkeley offers discounted daily parking permits for those who use alternative transit and a ride-matching service to those who carpool. The university also provides reduced fares for public transit and runs a campus shuttle system. A student group operates a bike-sharing program, and the school partners with a car-sharing program. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of California at Los Angeles || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">38,550 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">UCLA runs a vanpool program and offers discounted parking passes to commuters who carpool or drive electric vehicles. The university operates a free shuttle system, with buses that run on natural gas, that takes students around campus and to nearby destinations. A bike rental program is also available. Seventy-five percent of students and 47 percent of staff and faculty commute to campus via environmentally preferable methods. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of California at San Diego || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">28,418 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">More than 30 percent of the campus fleet is electric, and UCSD also runs 42 ultra-low sulfur biodiesel shuttle buses. Carpoolers receive parking pass discounts and reserved parking spaces. Students, faculty, and staff can ride public buses for free. The university has housed a bike-sharing program since 2004 and also partners with a car-sharing program. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Illinois || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">43,246 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Nearly 90 percent of the student body commutes to campus via environmentally preferable methods, as do a quarter of employees. Local public transportation is free for the campus community, and the school offers a free shuttle service on and around campus. A bike-sharing program, bike repair services, and a car-sharing program are also available. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Michigan at Ann Arbor || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">41,028 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The university fleet includes 655 alternative-fuel vehicles. The M-Ride program enables all students and employees to ride local transit buses for free anywhere in the Ann Arbor area. A car-sharing program featuring ten vehicles helps reduce traffic on campus. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">28,567 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Alternative-fuel vehicles comprise nearly a third of UNC's motor fleet. Under the Commuter Alternative Program, community members who give up their parking permits receive benefits that include a 50 percent discount on the university's car-sharing program fee. UNC partners with Chapel Hill Transit to offer free public transportation for the entire school community both on and off campus. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Virginia || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">24,355 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Students, faculty, and staff receive free public transit passes and discounted parking passes for carpooling. The university provides a transit service around campus and to local hotspots, and a free trolley goes to downtown Charlottesville. UVa hosts a car-sharing program, and 95 percent of students commute to campus using environmentally preferable transportation. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Wisconson at Madison || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">41,620 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Students and employees have free access to local transit and an on-campus shuttle. Carpoolers have access to a ride-sharing website and preferential parking, and the university partners with a car-sharing program. Last year, 88 percent of students and 50 percent of employees commuted to campus via environmentally preferable means. The campus fleet includes 26 electric and 64 biodiesel vehicles. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Clemson University || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">17,585 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Clemson offers incentives to carpoolers, including discounted and reserved parking. Student fees and government grants subsidize the local bus system, which provides free service around campus and to local destinations for the whole community. A bike-sharing program was launched in the fall of 2010, and main roads through campus are being closed to cars. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Connecticut at Storrs || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">23,692 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Anyone with a university ID can ride the local buses for free, and free shuttles run on campus and to nearby apartments. The university offers ride-matching for employees and students to carpool. A pilot bike-sharing program offers 20 bikes for free use, and signage and pavement markings are being added to bike lanes. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Florida at Gainesville || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">51,725 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Approximately 85 percent of students commute to campus via environmentally preferable means. The university provides free shuttle service on and around campus for members of the campus community. Preferential parking is provided to faculty and staff who carpool to work, and a ride-matching service is also available. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Georgia || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">33,831 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">UGA subsidizes local public transportation and provides ride-matching, financial rewards, and preferable parking to carpoolers. The university runs one of the largest campus transit systems in the country. Each year, more than 9 million riders utilize the system to reach on- and off-campus destinations. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Indiana University at Bloomington || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">38,990 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Nearly 75 percent of the student body commutes via environmentally preferable means. The school offers incentives for carpooling to the school community, as well as free shuttle service on and around campus. Car-sharing and ride-sharing programs are also available. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Maryland || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">36,014 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Approximately one-third of the campus fleet runs on E85 ethanol fuel. Carpoolers receive a 50 percent discount on parking permits, and the Shuttle-UM runs throughout campus and to various off-campus locations, including public transportation hubs. A car-sharing and free bike rental program help to minimize traffic on campus. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Minnesota || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">50,883 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The UMN fleet includes approximately 200 alternative-fuel vehicles. Preferable parking is offered to carpoolers, and the Upass and Metropass programs offer public transit discounts to students and employees. Car-sharing and bike-sharing programs help reduce traffic on campus. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Ohio State University || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">52,568 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">On-campus bus service is provided free of charge, and students receive a 95 percent discount on bus passes for local transit services. The campus fleet includes electric vehicles, hybrids, and vehicles that use B20 biofuel. Car-sharing, bike-sharing, and vanpooling options are available to the campus community. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Penn State University || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">43,252 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The campus fleet includes hybrid, electric, and compressed natural gas vehicles. The university also facilitates carpooling arrangements and provides a free bus that services the campus and surrounding areas. Penn State's bicycle master plan aims to support the development of a bike- and pedestrian-friendly campus. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Pittsburgh || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">27,020 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">More than half of Pitt employees commute via environmentally preferable methods, and the university offers discounted and preferable parking to those who carpool. Students, faculty, and staff are provided free access to public transportation as well as an on-campus bus system. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">C || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Purdue University at Lafayette || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">40,534 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Purdue facilitates a web-based ride-matching board for all students, faculty, and staff. Members of the school community can ride on local buses free of charge. The university's master plan dictates that the center of campus be closed to vehicular traffic. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">C || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Rutgers University at New Brunswick || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">34,804 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Students receive a 25 percent discount on public transportation passes, and the university provides a free bus around campus. Rutgers' campus fleet includes electric and natural gas vehicles. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Texas at Austin || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">49,697 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Half of the school community travels to campus via alternative modes of transportation, and the university offers carpool incentives and free access to public transportation to students and staff. UT Austin operates shuttles to high-population residential areas, runs a bike-sharing program, and is working to make the campus more pedestrian friendly. The majority of vehicles in the campus motor fleet run on alternative fuels. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">B || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Texas A&M University || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">46,542 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Texas A&M offers a ride-share board and discounted permits to carpoolers, and provides free passes for public transportation to all campus community members. The university also runs free shuttles around campus. The master plan includes a provision to decrease motor traffic at the center of campus. Nearly two-thirds of commuter students utilize alternative modes of transportation. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of California at Davis || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">29,796 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">UC Davis offers ride-matching services and preferable parking to carpoolers, and all campus community members receive discounts on local public transit. The college provides shuttle services to other campuses and to local attractions. The Bike Barn provides rentals and repairs, and a car-sharing program is available. The administration is in the process of increasing accessibility for pedestrians. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Virgnia Polytechnic Institute || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">29,898 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Virginia Tech offers free public transit to all students and employees, as well as discounted passes for regional transit. Carpoolers receive discounted parking permits, and the university partners with a car-sharing program. Nearly half of off-campus students commute to campus via environmentally preferable means. The Bike, Bus, and Walk incentive program is available for those who commit to car-free commuting. ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">A || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">University of Washington || <span style="font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">40,218 || <span style="color: #424242; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">All campus community members participating in the U-PASS program receive unlimited public transit passes and discounts on carpool permits and the car-sharing program. Student government runs a nonprofit bike repair shop, and 88 percent of students and 62 percent of employees commute via environmentally preferable means. ||


 * APPENDIX D**
 * //City of Newark Parking and Transportation Services Interview with Courtney Mulvanity//**

Tuesday, November 16 th :
 * 1)  According to Resident Survey in 2009, it was decided that there were efficient number of parking lots in the city.
 * 2)  Due to ongoing constructions, some of the parking lots need to be closed(e.g. lot behind Christina School District Building)
 * 3)  City has a plan to add more metered parking lot in the center city (By the end of next year, there will be an additional metered parking lot behind the new Barnes and Noble bookstore)
 * 4)  City is trying to reduce the amount of montly parking lots.
 * 5)  One suggestion is; students who live on campus should not be allowed to have cars.
 * 6)  So far there is only one free bussing service, called unicity bus. It is a trolley.
 * 7)  DART bus is another suggestion.
 * 8)  Comparing to the other cities closeby, the parking rates are much cheaper. Mr. Mulvanity mentioned that the Trabant Parking Lot is usually empty at certain hours in the afternoon. It can be opened for parking permit holders (eg.gold permit)
 * 9)  UD and City parking sercives work independently.
 * 10)  There is no future plan about extra bussing.
 * 11)  The biggest focus in parking improvement plan is adding more metered parking lots.
 * 12)  Mr. Mulvanity said that University has a new parking lot between Amstel Avenue and Beverly Avenue.
 * 13)  Mr.Mulvanity indicated that City has a concern about traffic congestion due to parking usually around lunch time. The resolution for this problem is, the addition of metered parking lots.
 * 14)  There is a Parking Committee Meetings. Further information can be obtained by attending one of those meetings.
 * 15)  Mr. Mulvanity suggested UD Park and Transportation Services would be a better source, since the main focus is UD community.
 * 16)  Question was asked to find out if there was any after hours free parking services available. The answer was that service is not provided anymore. The reason for that is; it was creating conflict since was not offered in every location. Now on Sundays they have free street parking until 1 pm (due to religious services), and free parking during public holidays. After 7 pm free hours no longer exist.